TIP: Algumas palavras compostas, como rainforest e rainfall, podem ser
grafadas como duas palavras separadas (rain forest e rain fall).
Fim do complemento.
FONTE: Reprodução/S. Rosser 2007
- Deforestation is the largest source of land-use greenhouse-gas emissions,
contributing up to 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
- Approximately 117,000 ____ of rainforest are destroyed each year.
- Approximately twenty per cent of the ____ has already been destroyed.
- Rainforests are destroyed for a variety of reasons, including logging, cattle
ranching and ____.
- Rainforests have the ability to absorb ____ and release ____.
ROSSER, Simon. The A-Z of Global Warming. Cornwall: Schmall World
Publishing, 2008. p. 29-30.
Resposta: square kilometres; Amazon rainforest; commercial agriculture;
carbon dioxide (CO
2
), oxygen (O
2
)
Atenção professor: Oriente os alunos a deduzir que square kilometres (sq
km) é uma medida de área e corresponde a "quilômetros quadrados (km
2
)" em
português. Square = "quadrado". Fim da observação.
91
BEFORE READING
1. Replace each ____ with an expression from the following box to complete the
table below. Write the answers in your notebook.
Tabela: equivalente textual a seguir.
Importance
of
the
Amazon rain forest
Causes
of
deforestation
Consequences
of
deforestation
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
Box:
change in climatic conditions - road construction - destruction of natural habitats
- endangerment of species - expansion of agriculture - home to many plants
and animals - the world's largest tropical forest - valuable source of medicines -
extraction of minerals and generation of energy
End of box.
FONTE: guentermanaus/Shutterstock
FONTE: Fabio Colombini/Acervo do fotógrafo
FONTE: Luis Louro/Shutterstock/Glow Images
Resposta: Importance of the Amazon rain forest: home to many plants and
animals; the world's largest tropical forest; valuable source of medicines Causes
of deforestation: expansion of agriculture; extraction of minerals and generation
of energy; road construction Consequences of deforestation: change in climatic
conditions; destruction of natural habitats; endangerment of species
2. Turn over the page and, before reading the text, look at the pictures, the title
and the layout. Then, choose the correct item that completes each sentence
below (▲ or ■). Write the answers in your notebook.
a. The page contains
▲ a main text and a fact file, both about the Amazon rain forest.
■ a main text about the Amazon rain forest and a fact file about tropical rain
forests.
Resposta: ■
b. The pictures show
▲ the deforestation in the Amazon rain forest and its fauna and flora.
■ the most endangered species in the Amazon rain forest.
Resposta: ▲
Boxe complementar:
TIP: Fact file é um texto que apresenta, geralmente em forma de tópicos,
informações relevantes sobre determinado assunto.
Fim do complemento.
92
READING
Now read the text to check your predictions.
78# FOCUS ON: AMAZON RAIN FOREST
THE CONTINENT: SOUTH AMERICA
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS: FACTS & FIGURES
- Tropical rain forests cover 6 percent of Earth's surface, but are home to half of
Earth's species.
- Average monthly temperature is 68 to 82 º F (20 to 28 ºC).
- Total annual rainfall averages 5 to 33 feet (1.5 to 10 m).
- Trees in tropical rain forests can grow up to 200 feet (60 m) in height.
- Most nutrients in tropical rain forests are stored in the vegetation rather than in
the soil, which is very poor.
- Some of Earth's most valuable woods, such as teak, mahogany, rosewood,
and sandalwood, grow in tropical rain forests.
- Up to 25 percent of all medicines include products originating in tropical rain
forests.
- Tropical rain forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
- Deforestation of tropical rain forests contributes to climate change.
- An estimated 100 acres (40 ha) of rain forest are lost every minute.
- Brazil loses 10.6 million acres (4.3 million ha) of tropical forests annually, but
Nigeria, in Africa, has the highest rate of deforestation - more than 11 percent
annually.
Amazon Rain Forest
The Amazon rain forest, which covers approximately 2.7 million square miles
(7 million sq km), is the world's largest tropical forest. Located mainly in Brazil,
the Amazon rain forest accounts for more than 20 percent of all the world's
tropical forests. Known in Brazil as the selva, the rain forest is a vast storehouse
of biological diversity, filled with plants and animals both familiar and exotic.
According to estimates, at least half of all species are found in tropical forests,
but many of these species have not yet been identified. Tropical forests contain
many valuable resources, including cacao (chocolate), nuts, spices, rare
hardwoods, and plant extracts used to make medicines. Some drugs used in
treating cancer and heart disease come from plants found only in tropical
forests. But human intervention - logging, mining, and clearing land for crops
and grazing - has put tropical forests at great risk. In Brazil, roads cut into the
rain forest have opened the way for settlers, who clear away the forest only to
discover soil too poor in nutrients to sustain agriculture for more than a few
years. Land usually is cleared by a method called slash-and-burn, which
contributes to global warming by releasing great amounts of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere.
Fotografia 1.
SLOW-MOVING, this three-toed sloth spends most of its life in the treetops. It is
one of the many unusual species of animals that make their homes in the
forests of the Amazon Basin.
Fotografia 2.
DENSE CANOPY OF THE RAIN FOREST stands in sharp contrast to the silt-
laden waters of one of the Amazon's many tributaries. Although seemingly
endless, the forest in Brazil is decreasing in size at the rate of almost 15,000
acres (6,070 ha) per day.
Fotografia 3.
SLASH-AND-BURN is a method used in the tropics for clearing land for farms.
But the soil is poor in nutrients, and good yields are short-lived.
FONTE: NATIONALGeographic Student Atlas of the World. Third edition.
Washington: National Geographic Society, 2009. p. 78. (Fotografia 1) Palê
Zuppani/Pulsar Imagens (Fotografia 2) Ernesto Reghran\Pulsar \magens
(Fotografia 3) Ricardo Azoury\Pulsar \magens
1 pé (foot) corresponde a 30,48 cm.
93
READING FOR GENERAL COMPREHENSION
What is the main purpose of the fact file? Write the answer in your notebook.
a. To present some facts and myths about tropical rain forests.
b. To provide important information about tropical rain forests.
c. To bring together all the details about the Amazon rain forest.
Resposta correta: b
Atenção professor: Destaque que, no título do fact fileTropical Rain Forests:
Facts & Figures, a palavra figures significa "números", e não figuras. Fim da
observação.
READING FOR DETAILED COMPREHENSION
1. Write T (True) or F (False) for each statement. Then, correct the false
statements with a fragment from the text. Write the answers in your notebook.
a. Many species that live in tropical forests have not been identified yet.
Resposta: T
b. Some medicines used in treatments for cancer and heart disease come from
tropical forests.
Resposta: T
c. The soil in tropical rain forests is rich in nutrients.
Resposta: F: Fragment: "only to discover soil too poor in nutrients to sustain
agriculture for more than a few years"/"Most nutrients in tropical rain forests are
stored in the vegetation rather than in the soil, which is very poor" (fact file)
d. Deforestation of tropical rain forests contributes to global warming.
Resposta: T
e. Brazil has the highest rate of deforestation.
Resposta: F: Fragment: "but Nigeria, in Africa, has the highest rate of
deforestation" (fact file).
2. Replace each ____ with a word or expression from the text to complete the
sentences below. Write the answers in your notebook.
a. The Amazon Basin is home to a vast range of exotic ____ and ____.
Resposta: plants/animals
b. Some of Earth's most important ____ grow in tropical rain forests.
Resposta: woods/trees
c. Tropical forests are disappearing because of ____ intervention.
Resposta: human
d. Tropical rain forests release great amounts of ____.
Resposta: carbon dioxide
FONTE: Michael Warwick/Shutterstock
94
Atenção professor: Oriente os alunos a observar que os termos que aparecem
no texto entre travessões depois de human intervention são exemplos de
intervenção humana que colocam as florestas em risco. Esses termos são
ilustrados pelas imagens do exercício 3. Destaque também a legenda de uma
das fotos do texto que mostra a queimada (slash-and-burn) como método de
limpeza da terra. Fim da observação.
3. The following pictures are examples of actions that destroy tropical rain
forests. Label them with words from the text. Write the answers in your
notebook.
a.
FONTE: Ernesto Reghran/Pulsar Imagens
Resposta: slash-and-burn/clearing land (for crops and grazing)
b.
FONTE: Rogério Reis/Pulsar Imagens
Resposta: mining
c.
FONTE: Palê Zuppani/Pulsar Imagens
Resposta: logging
READING FOR CRITICAL THINKING
Discuss the following questions with your classmates.
a. According to the text, human intervention has put tropical forests at great risk.
In your opinion, why do people use forests in a destructive manner rather than
in a sustainable manner?
Suggested answers: For economic reasons./Because they do not know how to
get products and benefits from the forest without destroying it./Because they are
not worried about the future.
b. Today Brazil faces a big challenge: balance economic growth with the
preservation of the Amazon rain forest. In your opinion, how can it be possible?
Suggested answers: With incentives for green companies./With severe laws
against deforestation./With educational campaigns.
Personal answers.
VOCABULARY STUDY
NOUN PHRASES
Atenção professor: Comente que os núcleos dos grupos nominais são
substantivos que podem ser modificados por palavras que vêm antes deles
(como artigos e adjetivos - a vast, the highest) e por palavras que vêm depois
deles (como expressões iniciadas por preposição - of biological diversity, of
deforestation). Fim da observação.
1. What is the main word in each noun phrase below? Write the answers in your
notebook.
a. total annual rainfall
Resposta: rainfall
b. average monthly temperature
Resposta: temperature
c. the world's largest tropical forest
Resposta: forest
d. deforestation of tropical rain forests
Resposta: deforestation
e. a vast storehouse of biological diversity
Resposta: storehouse
f. the highest rate of deforestation
Resposta: rate
DISCOURSE MARKERS
Atenção professor: Ao corrigir o item b do exercício 2, comente que, mesmo
sem saber os correspondentes em português de teak, mahogany, rosewood
e sandalwood, é possível inferir, pelo uso de such as, que são exemplos de
madeiras valiosas. Fim da observação.
2. In each item below, choose the discourse marker with the same meaning as
the one in bold. Write the answers in your notebook.
a. Although seemingly endless, the forest in Brazil is decreasing in size...
Discourse markerin bold: Although.
▲ Despite
■ However
Resposta: ▲
b. ... valuable woods, such as teak, mahogany, rosewood, and sandalwood...
Discourse markerin bold: such as.
▲ so
■ like
Resposta: ■
3. Now complete the Discourse Markers box on page 171 with what you have
learned.
Atenção professor: Oriente os alunos a copiar em seus cadernos o quadro
sobre Discourse Markers (que está na página 171) e a registrar nesse quadro o
que aprenderam sobre marcadores discursivos nesta unidade. Destaque que
esse quadro será utilizado em outras unidades para que eles registrem outros
conteúdos sobre marcadores discursivos de modo a completarem o quadro
gradativamente ao longo do ano letivo. Utilizar uma folha ao final do caderno
pode facilitar esse trabalho. Fim da observação.
95
PREPOSITIONS
4. Read the following fragments and choose the correct item that answers each
question below (▲ or ■). Write the answers in your notebook.
Box:
I. ... by releasing great amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
II. ... at least half of all species are found in tropical forests.
End of box.
a. Which sentence is in agreement with fragment I?
▲ The carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere.
■ The carbon dioxide is already in the atmosphere.
Respost
a: ▲
b. What idea does the preposition into express?
▲ Position.
■ Movement.
Resposta: ■
c. Which sentence is in agreement with fragment II?
▲ The species are outside tropical forests and enter them.
■ The species are inside tropical forests.
Resposta: ■
d. What idea does the preposition in express?
▲ Position.
■ Movement.
Resposta: ▲
FONTE: Zubin Shroff/Taxi/Getty Images
5. Replace each ____ with in or into to complete the sentences below. Write the
answers in your notebook.
a. A large amount of mineral substances are stored ____ the vegetation.
Resposta: in
b. The woodcutter was frightened by a snake and jumped ____ the river to
escape.
Resposta: into
c. Some of the tallest trees in the world grow ____ tropical rainforests.
Resposta: in
d. The jaguar ran ____ the forest as the hunters approached.
Resposta: into
LANGUAGE IN USE
PASSIVE VOICE
1. Read the fragments below and choose the correct item that completes each
sentence that follows (■ or ▲). Write the answers in your notebook.
Box:
I. Most nutrients in tropical rain forests are stored in the vegetation rather than
in the soil, which is very poor.
Underlined fragments: Most nutrients in tropical rain forests.
II. An estimated 100 acres (40 ha) of rain forest are lost every minute.
Underlined fragments: An estimated 100 acres (40 ha) of rain forest
III. ... half of all species are found in tropical forests, but many of these species
have not yet been identified.
Underlined fragments: half of all specie.
End of box.
a. The subjects of the fragments are underlined. They are
▲ the receivers of the actions.
■ the performers of the actions.
Resposta: ▲
96
b. The fragments are in the passive voice. The focus is on
▲ what happens (the action).
■ what or who performs the action (the performer of the action).
Resposta: ■
2. Replace each ____ with an expression from the parentheses to complete the
statements below. Write the answers in your notebook.
a. Sentence I is in the active voice. It focuses on ____ (the action/the performer
of the action).
Resposta: the performer of the action
b. Sentence II is in the passive voice. It focuses on ____ (the action/the
performer of the action).
Resposta: the action
c. In the passive, ____ (the subject/the agent) is the performer of the action.
Resposta: the agent
d. In the passive, the preposition by introduces ____ (the subject/the agent).
Resposta: the agent
3. What is the structure of the passive voice? Write the answer in your
notebook.
Tropical forests have been put at great risk.
a. Subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (Past Participle)
b. Subject + auxiliary verb (have) + main verb (Past Participle)
Resposta correta: a
Atenção professor: Mostre que have been é a forma do verbo auxiliar be no
Present Perfect e que put é o particípio passado do verbo irregular put (que é o
verbo principal da frase). Destaque que o verbo auxiliar be da frase na voz
passiva fica no mesmo tempo verbal que o verbo principal da frase
correspondente na voz ativa (no caso, o Present Perfect tense). Fim da
observação.
Boxe complementar:
TIP: Note que a formação da voz passiva em inglês é semelhante à formação
da voz passiva em português.
Fim do complemento.
4. Replace each ____ with the appropriate verb form to complete the sentences
that follow as in the example below. Write the answers in your notebook.
Boxe complementar:
TIP: Na voz passiva, o verbo auxiliar be é usado no mesmo tempo verbal do
verbo principal da frase correspondente na voz ativa.
Fim do complemento.
a.
b.
Resposta: cover
97
c.
Resposta: was; covered
d.
Resposta: are extinguishing
e.
Resposta: was being; used
f.
Resposta: had destroyed
g.
Resposta: will destroy
h.
Resposta: can be; described
98
Atenção professor: Para ampliar os exercícios 6 e 7, pergunte aos alunos por
que a voz passiva foi utilizada em algumas frases. Espera-se que concluam
que, nessas frases, o foco está na ação, e não em quem a realiza, e que, em
muitas delas, não é possível ou necessário informar quem realiza a ação. Fim
da observação.
5. We usually omit the agent in the passive voice when it is not important or
when it refers to "people", "humans". In which sentences from exercise 4 has it
happened? Write the answer in your notebook.
a. Sentences a, b, c, f.
b. Sentences d, e, g, h.
c. Sentences d, e, f, g, h.
Resposta correta: c
6. The Amazon contains millions of species, including some of the world's most
unusual wildlife, such as the Toco Toucan. Replace the ____ with the correct
form of the verbs from the following box to complete the fact file below. Write
the answers in your notebook.
Box:
make - locate - locate - build - find - may design - can hear
End of box.
Location and habitat
FONTE: João Prudente/Pulsar Imagens
Toco toucans ____ in many countries throughout South America. The countries
____ mostly on the eastern side of the continent and include Brazil, Guyana,
Suriname, Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela. Toco toucans' nests ____ in
decayed, hollow trees of the rainforest. These nests ____ high in the canopies
of the rainforests.
Diet
Toco toucans mostly eat various types of fruit. Occasionally, they will also feed
on insects or lizards.
Size and description
Toco toucans are the largest of all toucans. They grow to sizes of 1.5-2 feet.
The most noticeable aspect of toco toucans is their large bills. These bills ____
of a type of keratin.
Behaviors
Toco toucans have loud calls and chatter that they use to communicate with
other tocos of the rainforest. Some of these calls ____ miles away.
Other facts
Toucan Sam, the cartoon mascot for a cereal, ____ after a toco toucan.
Adapted from:
Resposta: are located/are located/are built/ are found/are made/can be heard/
may be designed
7. Replace the ____ with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to
complete the wildlife fact files below. Use either the active voice or the passive
voice. Write the answers in your notebook.
FACT FILE
Whale shark. Massive, filter-feeding whale sharks ____ (believe) to be highly
migratory. They sometimes ____ (form) loose aggregations of a hundred or
more individuals but it ____ (think) that most lead solitary lives. Up to 59 ft (18
m) Up to 44,100 lb (20,000 kg) Ovoviviparous Male & Female Vulnerable
Cosmopolitan occur in all warm seas
COOKE, Fred; BRUCE, Jenni. The Encyclopedia of Animals: A Complete
Visual Guide. California: University of California Press, 2004. p. 457.
FONTE: André Seale/Pulsar Imagens
Verbs in parentheses: believe; form; think.
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